Offer a critical analysis and commentary on Zygmunt Bauman's work. To Essay

Offer a basic examination and discourse on Zygmunt Bauman's work. How much does the Holocaust Exhibition strengthens or challenges this understanding of the 'last arrangement' - Essay Example Seemingly, Bauman’s postulation is an imperative instrument in supporting the legitimization on association among advancement and holocaust event among sociologists. In his proposition, Bauman contends that human appropriation of advancement provoked the holocaust occasion. The Holocaust is a recorded occasion that prods among ages. Bauman’s work draws in analysis and bunch discussions among students of history and female activists. As indicated by pundits, the holocaust represented persecution of ladies deterring endeavors for females assent. The Final Solution is licensed in holocaust display by Bauman as a statement of endeavors by people to practice unjustified and unsure components in the general public. Holocaust uncovers comparable strategies of avoidance that were apparent in the past event can at present become an integral factor today. Holocaust follows recorded examples of Nazi’s Anti-Semitic strategies and its ruthless ramifications on Jews in Europe. It includes the degree to which German Nazis served Hitler’s rule as a model for avoidance, removal and troublesome mass homicide of Jews. Holocaust occasions activated connects to resolved contempt of individuals with Anti-Semitic towards the Jews. Inception of this disdain was a direct result of the allegation against the Jews for executing Christ, Adolf Hitler’s assessment on this allegation was a unimportant thought process in counter (Poder and Jacobsen 2012, p. 98). Ascend in Anti-Semitism was progressively removing Jews rights and opportunity of human advancement leaving them with two-alternative, first decision to rehearse Christianity or also face murder in the event that they reject. Jews vow for equivalent rights began in 1761 and was effective in 1871. Numerous Jews people group moved to Poland, which until date records biggest number of Jews populace. Obliteration of the Jews showed up as a result of contention and aggravation in Poland, which happened due to before knowledge of Jews as enemies of

Process vs. Non-Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Procedure versus Non-Process - Research Paper Example Really trying to understand from this genuine model, the idea of procedure advancement should be broke down in a more extensive setting. There is no compelling reason to say much regarding the way that HTML5 is the most recent innovation that offers a lot of new in the territory of stretching out versatile stage decisions to the organizations and shoppers (Lee, 2012). However, the most serious issue in adjusting to this new innovation is the need to alter and adjust their tasks and research activities to profit by the upper hand that a move to HTML5 portable stages offers. In that setting the HTML5 banter has uncovered an until now much overlooked truth. With regards to process versus non-process enterprises, in a perfect world talking there exists not at all like a non-process industry (Skinner, 1992). The main distinction between a procedure and non-process industry is that in a non-process industry, the activities comprise of various inconvenient and least synchronized procedures, which are least fit for stretching out a key favorable position to an organization against its rivals (Skinner, 1992). Be that as it may, the other thing that should be mulled over is that new advances in innovation may push an organization from being process headed to being a non-process organization, in a family member if not a flat out sense. The greatest upset that the online items and administrations have gone over is the idea of registering going portable. This made a critical requirement for the examination in advances that are good with and bolster versatile registering. Over the most recent 10 years the universe of portable stages has moved from a control of the couple of like Windows Mobile and RIM Blackberry, to an attack of numerous new stages. In that specific circumstance, there is no uncertainty that HTML5 stands to be the most reduced shared element, with regards to creating versatile programs. In any case, numerous organizations are raising a clamor about moving to HTML5 based versatile stages, since it requires the essential advancements in the procedures basic their items and administrations. There are differed reasons why the organizations pushed from the status of being process organizations to non-process organizations attributable to an inability to consolidate and adjust to HTML5 in the procedures hidden their organizations will in general be reluctant. One significant factor is that there exists a split between the administrators and innovation staff overseeing these organizations (Skinner, 1992). While the administration driven officials are as yet adhering to the old ideal models defending enlargement of deals by turning to showcasing and monetary tricks, considering the high hazard associated with choosing HTML5 situated procedure developments, the innovation specialists will in general be loath to propose such changes, dreading conceivable aftermath on their professions. Moreover, the imperative procedure advancements require a dr awn out monetary and arranging related duty with respect to the organizations, which is hard to think up, as revealed by the Facebook experience (Skinner, 1992). At that point there are organizations which are trusting that their rivals will develop, while thinking about colossal budgetary reserve funds by adjusting to these advancements at a later stage

Book Report On Thomas Jefferson Essays (1066 words) -

Book Report On Thomas Jefferson Book Review on Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson by Norman Risjord is a life story of the third leader of the United States that takes Thomas Jefferson from his childhood through his later years in the mid nineteenth century. The reason for this book is to give a political and social diagram of the Thomas Jefferson's life and profession. It was composed for both the understudy of American history and the easygoing peruser intrigued by the beginning of the United States government, seen through the eyes of one of its establishing fathers. The estimation of this book is that it shows that Jefferson was not a holy person, yet he was one of the most smart presidents that the nation has ever had. Risjord has given the book incredible worth since he has surrounded Jefferson among his friends. Thus, the book genuinely springs up, and the peruser can find out about Jefferson just as his counterparts James Madison, John Marshall, and John Adams. The extent of the book is comprehensive. Risjord starts with Jefferson's introduction to the world on April 13, 1743 on his dad's estate, Shadwell, in Goochland County on the western edge. The account proceeds to show Jefferson moving on from William and Mary College, at that point going into legislative issues in Virginians House of Burgesses in 1769. Jefferson wedded Martha Skelton on New Year's Day, 1772. With the Virginia lawmaking body from 1776 to 1779, Jefferson framed the foundation for annulment of involve and primogeniture, for the foundation of strict opportunity, and not for the government funded educational system. Jefferson was obviously the creator of the Declaration of Independence, and on the grounds that he had gotten this record under way, he held up out the Revolutionary War to check whether the provinces would win. On the off chance that they had lost, Jefferson would have been hanged for treachery against the King of England. He filled in as the pastor to France from 1785 to 1789. As of now there was developing restriction to Alexander Hamilton and his strategies, and Jefferson related himself with a gathering called the Republicans, who were really trailblazers to the present Democratic Party. While Jefferson was filling in as VP from 1797 to 1801, he drafted the Kentucky Resolutions. He was chosen President following a long halt with Aaron Burr in the House of Representatives. This happened mostly on the grounds that Alexander Hamilton considered Burr the more perilous man and he gave his help to Jefferson. Jefferson's political race was an incredible triumph for the law based powers, yet it was dark Tuesday to the a large number of Federalists who accepted that the Republican chief was an agnostic revolutionary who expected that his organization would be that of a bloodyhanded revolutionist. Jefferson was the main President to be initiated in Washington, a city that he had assisted with arranging. He got acclaimed for the republican effortlessness that he set up there. During his first organization he accomplished the Louisiana Purchase and supervised the Lewis and Clark Expedition. During his subsequent organization, Jefferson attempted to authorize such measures as the Embargo Act of 1807, despite the fact that this brought a lot of restriction. When he resigned from open life, Jefferson moved back to his adored Monticello. It was right now that he established the University of Virginia and proceeded with his exercises as a researcher, engineer, and rationalist legislator. In his later years, Jefferson expounded on his perspective on the future, when he saw that the individuals would be edified by free training. Under a ground breaking popularity based republican establishment, the individuals could administer themselves better than under some other framework. His companion James Madison evoked these words when Jefferson passed on the Forth of July in 1826. He lives and will live in the memory and appreciation of the savvy and of the great, as illuminating presence of Science, as a votary of freedom, as a model of energy, and as a supporter of mankind. The style is dubious and the book offers bits of knowledge into Jefferson's brain science just as recorded information. Risjord does well by his section headings, as they partition Jefferson's life into Vice President and President and so on. Thus they give simple access. The reference index is superb, taking into consideration follow up on a few of the writings to accomplish all the more perusing on, for instance, the Louisiana Purchase. The outlines are sufficient: there may

The Fundamentals of Writing Services Research Paper That You Can Learn From Beginning Immediately

<h1> The Fundamentals of Writing Services Research Paper That You Can Learn From Beginning Immediately </h1> <p>You must be fastidious about sources. You'll likewise realize what data to look for straightaway. It's actual, you should check and read generous measures of data. Individual data is one other approach to get data. </p> <h2> Writing Services Research Paper Features </h2> <p>A negative impact of pay disparity would then help the idea that pay imbalance brings about pressures which influence execution. My paper affirms their finding using the most recent information and utilizing an alternate proportion of pay disparity. You might want to compose as a significant part of the data which you accumulated that you accept is identified with accomplishing the result of the task you were given. Distinguish an issue or a conversation that you wish to explore on. </p> <h2> Writing Services Research Paper: No Longer a Mystery </h 2> <p>A research paper includes looking over a field of information as an approach to get the most ideal data around there. There is a collection of approaches it is conceivable to consider when it has to do with leading an exploration and reporting it. Given that you're steady and incorporate all the information that will allow another person to recreate your exploration then it should not make any difference. Along these lines, the one thing you should do is just to compose data you've found and messages you have composed for your research.</p> <p>You ought to have a summation of your examination in the introduction of your report since it will gracefully a non-pro with a quick history of the zone. An ace's postulation empowers an analyst or an alumni understudy to distribute an exploration study which will be helpful in the procedures about the zone that they might want to be an authority in. There are a great deal of good references to help you with research philosophy and specialized composition. As the title of the composing suggests you should lead the examination in the specific locale of information. </p> <p>As any book or film, acquaintance means with set the foundation and give your task a particular setting, letting the peruser to figure out how your work supplements past investigates on the comparative theme. Before you may define your blueprint practically the entirety of your subject determination should be finished. The absolute first thing you have to consider is your theme. You have to have a last point close by with practically all the references required for the theme to be composed. </p> <h2>The Death of Writing Services Research Paper </h2> <p>If you think composing of an exploration paper is basically about social occasion significant materials and duplicate gluing then in an alternate record, you're mixed up. Much the same as while using a drafting paper format, you additionally need to verify that your exploration paper is clear, nitty gritty, and educational. An examination paper comprises of an investigation that normally begins with the presentation of an exploration paper diagram. It is an intense type of scholastic composition. </p> <p>Research Paper arrangement implies taking care of a lot of data. It's anything but an undertaking for one day. An individual ought to understand that each Research Paper is a modern composing since it must contain particular exploration and unmistakable thought. </p> <p>Many understudies that are pondering how to form an examination paper additionally must be basic on this issue decision. Exploration papers are imperative for an understudy who might want to seek after expanded level of study. Along these lines, above all else, a school research paper must be instructive. An exploration paper that worries logical issues isn't just a free-form article where you're ready to tell perusers whatever you want. </p> <p>Do not right legitimize your entire exposition and don't consequently design hyphens in case you're using a word processor to type your paper. Get all the references and lists of sources sorted out in an alternate book so you don't lose any tho ughts. Test Section Headings The ensuing example headings should be utilized uniquely as a source of perspective. In spite of the fact that you're composing logical reports, it's essential to the examination paper design your punctuation and spelling are right and readable.</p> <h2> Top Writing Services Research Paper Secrets </h2> <p>By the finish of your presentation the peruser must comprehend what you are really going after accomplish by composing the paper. Along these lines, at long last, it will assist you with sparing you from botheration of counterfeited work. In truth, it isn't so much that basic when it has to do with the method for composing each page. Since you will gain from glancing through any extraordinary exploration paper model, composing a decent paper includes so unmistakably more than basically tossing a great deal of text and references into a word processor and seeking after the absolute best. </p> <p>When you form an exami nation paper you expand upon what you think about the point and make a purposeful endeavor to realize what specialists know. You need to gather realities and thoughts from number of sources and afterward you must ably join your own thoughts and proposals to make an examination paper. My recommendation is to find a provincial natural ranchers advertise from which you can purchase all your occasional produce. </p>

What to Look For in a Research Task Essay Organizer

<h1>What to Look For in a Research Task Essay Organizer</h1><p>If you are intending to give an ideal research paper on your preferred subject and wish to realize how to sort out your errands and compose your time, at that point you ought to be searching for an exploration recreation composing article task coordinator. This will most likely assistance you by monitoring your undertakings in the day and around evening time as well.</p><p></p><p>A look into task article coordinator likewise makes things simpler and empowers you to achieve beyond what you can do without anyone else by just making some specific memories portion for finishing every one of your errands. You will likewise run over numerous things that you passed up a major opportunity while working alone.</p><p></p><p>Researchers must oversee various undertakings at the same time and ensure that each venture is on schedule. Looking into takes a great deal of ti me and you can't be distant from everyone else in investigating or composing an examination paper.</p><p></p><p>A great research article coordinator must have an element where you can monitor all your exploration work with the goal that you can design all your work and cutoff times in like manner. This will help you a great deal to monitor every one of your undertakings that you need to finish for that given timeframe. This will likewise assist you with concocting inventive systems on the most proficient method to sort out your undertakings so they will be as productive as possible.</p><p></p><p>Another favorable position of having this thing will be to make some reasonable memories timetable and making arrangements for the entire day and night, which you will work. This will push you to not get worked up and stressed with all the things that occur during the day and night. It will likewise assist you with preventing yourself from doin g things that are wrong and could bring about your exhausting the peruser or potential client.</p><p></p><p>A sublime and magnificent research task article coordinator will have the option to deal with errands well and productively in the predefined time span. It must have the option to monitor all your exploration papers and assignments so you won't overlook anything significant and make a total research paper. You will have the option to think of imaginative plans to sort out your errands with the goal that they will have the option to be finished at the best time.</p><p></p><p>A great research task exposition coordinator must have the option to oversee everything without anyone else. It ought not expect you to look into everything and afterward sort out it without anyone else. With an exploration task article coordinator, you will have the option to expand your time and sort out your time in a progressively productive way.</p>

Buying Good Topics Regarding Food and Agriculture to Talk about for an Essay

<h1>Buying Good Topics Regarding Food and Agriculture to Talk about for an Essay </h1> <p>In India about 70% of the whole populace depends on the farming and is among the wellsprings of work for those people especially in the provincial areas. America ought not give outside guide to different countries. </p> <p>Nowadays the perfect use of automatons is introduced in the areas where there are no streets. High-stakes state testing should be abrogated. Regardless of whether you think in a particular contention firmly, on the off chance that you come up short on the proof to show your point, at that point your contention may very well be as extraordinary as lost. Figure out which side of the difficult you have confidence in. </p> <h2> Good Topics Regarding Food and Agriculture to Talk about for an Essay and Good Topics Regarding Food and Agriculture to Talk about for an Essay - The Perfect Combination </h2> <p>On the 1 hand, numerous mishaps happen because of a driver's carelessness. At precisely the same time, numerous people contend that the likelihood of pesticides in our food is precarious to ignore, as it may hurt the irritations as well as the people who expend the products as well. </p> <p>Perhaps the most noteworthy territory to consider when it has to do with natural food is just eating it. The period food propensities alludes to the manners in which people use food, including how food is gotten and put away, how it is readied, how it is served and to whom, and the manner in which it's expended. Hence the sustenance of individuals all through the world is among the best universal Problems of the current second. Because of the spread of hurtful synthetics and different food preparing methods, they are confronting medical issues. </p> <p>Inspiration to make your own promoting or media pugnacious exposition points isn't generally difficult to find. You would need to utilize realities instead of feelings having this sort of paper. Natural food can be viewed as a superior other option, as it is progressively common. Choosing a theme for this sort of article can be hard. </p> <p>If you wish to figure out how to make magnificent expositions on human science, simply make the resulting strides. You are an authentic master with respect to convincing exposition points. Exploring the subject licenses you to discover progressively about what intrigues you, and should you pick something you truly like, composing the article will be increasingly pleasant. Likely you do, on the grounds that you're chasing for help with your exposition composing. </p> <p>It's the splendid example of powerful composition! Numerous understudies tend to experience the composing issues because of the lack of reasonable comprehension. P.S. Remember you can contact online scholarly authors to help in subject choice notwithstanding composing the whole paper from start to finish. You may need to dedicate a day or two on the endeavor. </p> <p>Social organizing remarks ought to be protected by free discourse. Realities, over the long haul, will consistently win out against how people are feeling at a particular second. Publicizing and the media are presently about indivisible from society for an entirety. </p> <p>Our populace is expanding at a quick speed. As buyers and residents on the planet today, your understudies get an assortment of particular messages about what kinds of nourishments are satisfactory to buy and eat, and why. Actually, there's a madly modest number of individuals who work in farming. Pick the intended interest group. </p> <h2>Things You Won't Like About Good Topics Regarding Food and Agriculture to Talk about for an Essay and Things You Will </h2> <p>There are perpetually a wide scope of assessments on the subject of innovation, and here are our preferred interesting points on this issue. Realize which of the subjects, you presently have a genuinely decent foundation on which will make it feasible for you to have a relative edge. The rundown is expected to move thoughts. The best strategy to utilize that is as a manual for get your own one of a kind innovative energies working. </p> <p>The impact of farming on the country's development is certainly very high and that is the explanation endeavors should be made to improve it. The agribusiness government bolsters monetarily affects the food flexibly and human wellbeing. On the off chance that you ought to compose agribusiness expositions, pick which nation you are probably going to depict for instance. You should find realities about the condition of agribusiness in the country of your pick. </p> <p>Agriculture research paper manages various features of horticulture. In the bygone eras of cultivating, ranchers just expected to purchase seeds every so often since they could the seeds from the current harvest. The pivot of harvests is a phenomenal way to deal with secure much better yield from the land. </p>

List of Behavioral Science Research Paper Topics

<h1>List of Behavioral Science Research Paper Topics</h1><p>When searching for a conduct science look into paper point, you might need to consider the rundowns gave underneath. The rundowns are arranged from inquire about investigations that look at an assortment of points. Many have been created by psychologists.</p><p></p><p>Behavior is a characteristic result of our surroundings. For instance, numerous individuals participate in ceremonial conduct, for example, checking sheep or eating cake. This is because of the way that they are utilizing these examples to assist them with preparing information.</p><p></p><p>I like this rundown since it has extraordinary understanding on how we process data. It additionally delineates that our minds are extremely flexible. Our minds change after some time. They are fit for causing us to do various things relying upon what is happening at the time.</p><p></p>< p>If the cerebrum is associated with a particular goal in mind, at that point there is generally some kind of physical obstruction. For instance, on the off chance that one piece of the mind is restrained, at that point it will hinder the others. This can cause momentary memory misfortune. For instance, if an individual eats an inappropriate food, their cerebrum will be impacted by their stomach and subliminally attempt to battle the food back.</p><p></p><p>This is extraordinary knowledge on how we can change our minds. We can utilize our psyches to change our bodies. Truth be told, individuals who are large have most likely been contrarily impacted by their psyches. For instance, in the event that they are corpulent, they will believe that they can't eat a lot of food thus they wind up being deprived.</p><p></p><p>The list beneath gives the various kinds of inquiries posed in the exploration. I truly like the act of getting some in formation about subcategories. For instance, they solicited what the various sorts from impulsivity was. On the off chance that you are an understudy and need a point for your exploration paper, search for a rundown of social science examine paper topics.</p><p></p><p>Impulsivity is an idea that is considered, nonetheless, no solid definition has been given at this point. An individual with indiscreet conduct has a high resilience for hazard. For instance, in the event that somebody gets into an awful fender bender, they are probably going to be in a fender bender once more. Be that as it may, on the off chance that somebody doesn't effectively shield themselves from the climate, they are bound to be the casualty of a mishap later on in life.</p><p></p><p>Another case of a subject in an exploration paper would be disregard. In the event that somebody is indifferent towards others or possibly, feels that they are not intrigued by others , they are aloof. They might be exhausted, which is because of weariness. For instance, somebody who is exhausted, will be bound to stare at the TV or maybe be exhausted at work.</p>

Know What an Old Pro Thinks About Sample Research Paper

<h1> Know What an Old Pro Thinks About Sample Research Paper</h1> <p>The exposition starts with a depiction of measurements about the broadness of online networking use. An examination paper includes looking over a field of information in order to get the most ideal data here. And still, at the end of the day you're not ready to find the enlightening and exact subtleties. It's conceivable to get free research paper points from various sources, for instance, looking on databases posting prospects. </p> <h2>The Demise of Sample Research Paper </h2> <p>For model, the essayist should initially do some straightforward research before making research paper points. Family has a significant impact in character advancement of a child. Presently we should think about an alternate kind of research. Some brain research researchers have contemplated there are a continuous amount of sequential executioners that ordinarily experience the ill effects of vari ous psychoses like schizophrenia and different character issue. </p> <p>If the board plays out their capacities accurately, the representatives are probably going to be anxious to uncover superior, the standard of the thing will be high, interest for it will rise, deals will develop, and clients will be fulfilled. A tremendous research paper help organization has gained notoriety for giving its clients great top notch inquire about paper model assistance at sensible costs. New items will be created to satisfy the extending interest for items and arrangements. The issue gets considerably increasingly critical when we begin talking about the evaluation of the items and administrations which the organization has been recently delivering. </p> <h2>The Sample Research Paper Trap </h2> <p>Go directly ahead and ask whether there are authentic, example investigates to help you make an extraordinary paper. A diagram is proposed to assist you with setting a structure for a paper you will compose. The hugeness of the framework in the examination paper is clear. </p> <p>You may evaluate an organization dependent on the gauge of the exploration paper subjects composed. You may likewise wish to check at a couple of instances of value exploratory research papers. At the point when you make an examination paper you expand upon what you think about the subject and make a conscious endeavor to realize what specialists know. An examination paper that worries logical issues isn't only a free-form exposition where it is conceivable to tell perusers whatever you want. </p> <p>In request to forestall corrections and potential misconceptions, you ought to unmistakably state what you wish to find in the paper, what number of sources you require and transfer any material that must be used in the examination. In the occasion the request is done later, we won't have the option to help you. It is fundamental on the grounds that else, we're not going to think of it as like an update demand. </p> <p>All you will require is to gracefully the most reasonable necessities and contact the author taking care of your work on the off chance that you need to create changes. Your entire exposition needs can be managed by our master essayists. Compose a theory articulation for the finish of the presentation, along with a clarification of how you are going to move toward the issue which you've raised. Such point must be modified to the necessities of the speaker. </p> <h2> Understanding Sample Research Paper </h2> <p>Research work doesn't need to be costly for you. Hypotheses are proposed with regards to what triggers somebody to be a sequential executioner. Sherlock Holmes investigate paper points will permit you to get a thought on the issue. </p> <p>On-line articles are expensive If you are looking for acceptable expositions on the web, you must be set up to leave behind great cash. Go for veritable authors Since the internet is immersed with article journalists, it is vital to find an equation of telling solid from con suppliers. Appreciate perusing Know what you want The absolute best methods for drawing in the web is to make certain with what you're searching for. </p> <p>Do personal investigation to verify that you're managing certified organizations with the prerequisites of understudies on a fundamental level. Mental harm in secondary school may be a piece of the issue, yet it doesn't mean understudy outstanding tasks at hand should be excused as a causal component. Understudies' obligations continue expanding and it's not helpful to continually expect them to purchase something as an approach to plan for their tests. </p> <h2> Vital Pieces of Sample Research Paper</h2> <p>If your paper will presumably have heaps of pictures, you may make singular organizers to hold your pictures. Now and again where a layout is required, there should be a particular methods for organizing it. Th e body is the chief substance of your paper. At long last, your name and the little triangle is about the archives and tasks which you've just made on Overleaf or new undertakings that you can make from that hyperlink. </p> <p>A parcel of article composing organizations guarantee to convey the absolute best schoolwork administrations at sensible costs yet they don't have any assurance of what it is that they guarantee. In the event that you by chance get administrations from our paper composing organization, tally that you'll improve grades at any cost. In the current day and age, it would be senseless not to capitalize on this sort of model asset that is directly at basically every understudy's fingertips. After you have contemplated the technique of composing LaTeX tables yourself, it'll be instinctive that you create proficient unrivaled latex tables. </p>

Research Paper Topics on Christian History in the US

Research Paper Topics on Christian History in the USTo research papers on Christian history in the United States, you will need to understand the methods and resources that you will use. Researching is a time consuming process and a number of papers are written each year. This can sometimes be very overwhelming.The primary task when researching papers on Christian history in the United States is to find research resources. If you don't know where to begin looking, there are several resources available to you. Some of these resources are directly from college students, professors, and other people in the United States who write their own books on the subject.When researching topics on Christian history in the United States you will need to understand the resources that you can use. There are many different organizations that are available to you for research. These resources are for a fee, but some are free and can be used to find information.The Internet is a good resource for resear ching topics on Christian history in the United States. There are so many databases online that you can search with a simple keyword. There are even search engines that can help you narrow down your searches.A good resource for researching topics on Christian history in the United States is the internet. There are a number of online databases and journals that are listed on various search engines. When researching topics on Christian history in the United States, it is important to read as much as you can about the specific country, period, or area.For example, there are many common sites that give information on early American history. Many of these sites also give links to more specific sites as well. It is important to know where to turn to when you need more detailed information.Another method of researching topics on Christian history in the United States is to contact someone in the area you are researching. This person might have heard about a website, book, or magazine that you can use to help with your research. It is a good idea to contact someone who might be able to provide you with information about the topic that you are researching.Your research on topics on Christian history in the United States should involve talking to people in the area that were involved in that time period. You should talk to those who lived in the area and try to get as much information as possible. Remember, this is your project and you will have to use the resources at your disposal to research topics on Christian history in the United States.

Writing a Personal Essay - Drowning in My Inner Feelings

<h1>Writing a Personal Essay - Drowning in My Inner Feelings</h1><p>When you are composing an individual exposition, you may have a few musings that are not really constructive. You might be discontent with your mental self view, for instance, and need to impart these contemplations to the world. There are numerous circumstances where harping on your own internal emotions can be counterproductive and even harmful.</p><p></p><p>In this article, I will examine a portion of the reasons why you ought to abstain from harping on your inward sentiments in an individual paper or expound on Broade. Here are a couple of motivations to avoid harping on your own inward feelings:</p><p></p><p>As we know, harping on your internal emotions is generally an indication of disavowal. For the most part, when you get down on yourself or spotlight on your inward emotions, you won't accept that you have truly achieved something.</p>< ;p></p><p>By concentrating on your internal sentiments, you are essentially telling individuals that what you think won't work. At the point when you need to compose an individual article, you need to maintain your emphasis on your target and the outcomes that you will see.</p><p></p><p>If you have truly achieved something in your life, you should assume acknowledgment for it by expounding on your own exposition or expound on Broade. When you get the opportunity to consider yourself and how much achievement you've had throughout everyday life, it turns into significantly simpler to simply concentrate on different things and disregard the past.</p><p></p><p>When you are composing an individual article, you ought to abstain from harping on your internal sentiments so as to keep up center around your target. You will likely pick up acknowledgment and not accomplish acceptance.</p><p></p><p>The most i deal approach to abstain from harping on your internal emotions in an individual article or expound on Broade is to help yourself to remember your goal. You would prefer not to overlook what you are attempting to accomplish.</p><p></p><p>Hopefully, you have taken in the advantages of avoiding harping on your internal emotions in an individual exposition or expound on Broade. Recollect that there are numerous approaches to make progress and that concentrating on your target will assist you with accomplishing success.</p>

Easy Guide to Include Essay Topics in Your Essay

Easy Guide to Include Essay Topics in Your EssayPhysical education essay topics, not only provide a good basis for discussion but also make the topic interesting. Not only does it give people a pleasant reading experience but also makes it more interesting to read. However, you have to know the right way to include topics in your essay. Make sure you include a general outline of what you are going to write about.The topic should be listed first. This will let people know the topic you are going to discuss. After that, the topic should be explained in detail. This is the key to effective essay writing. Make sure to give a brief explanation of your topic in a few sentences.Many students get the topics confused and end up writing an essay that has a lot of information and does not flow. For example, if you wrote an essay on the benefits of exercise for adults, you would probably want to include this information: 'In addition to the physical benefits, exercise is also good for mental hea lth.' However, if you had written this, you would have to find a way to explain the benefits of exercise for adults. So, make sure to always include a summary at the beginning of your essay.Then, the topic can be narrowed down. In this case, make sure to include this information in your essay: 'For example, aerobic exercise helps your body produce more growth hormone, which promotes better muscle and bone health.' Make sure that your topics and summary are combined and that they are well organized.Finally, you have to choose the most appropriate category of the topic for your essay. This can be a very big topic. It could either be a topic that relates to your life or you could choose a topic related to the topic that you chose earlier.Once you have chosen your topic, you can start writing. Since it is a short essay, do not spend too much time thinking about your topic. Instead, you should just start writing the essay with your ideas.Physical education essay topics can be challenging but you should not worry too much. Writing a good paper can be an enjoyable activity and it will help you learn a lot of new things about learning and writing.

Strengths in Writing an Essay

Strengths in Writing an EssayThe key to writing an essay is that you use your strengths to strengthen the thesis of your essay. This is the process by which you learn about your topic and what you're trying to say in your essay. When you have a strong foundation, it becomes easier to balance your strengths with weaknesses so that the end result is a well-written, but short but impactful essay.For example, if you are doing a paper on marketing in the grocery industry, you would need to write about how a grocery store works. Your strengths will be those that you do best: writing, selling, or organizing. Your weaknesses are the ones that you do poorly in: salesmanship, numbers, decision making, etc. You can also include weaknesses that you know you'll struggle with: attention span, time management, etc.Then, you should outline the topics that you will cover. This will help to guide you when you are writing. It is also a good idea to see the outline of your writing project before you sta rt to read through your assigned papers.When you sit down to write, the first thing you should write on your page is a specific question about your topic. The next thing you should do is think about the answer to this question. When you answer your question, you should consider the strengths and weaknesses that you have that will help you answer the question. Then, you should work with the time that you have to answer the question by taking into account the time that you have to write, the time that you have to think about the answer, and the time that you have to ask yourself 'What if I'm wrong?'Once you have finished your essay, you should still consider your strengths. Think about what you might have done differently or what would have made things different. If you realize that you do not have the answers to the questions you wrote, the way to overcome this is to use your strengths.For example, instead of writing about how you 'over-ordered' and they didn't get the right items, w rite about how the employee was doing an excellent job and they were responding well to the requests that they were making. Now, that you are mentioning your strengths, you may find that you are able to refer back to your strengths in writing an essay. You may also have taken the time to make notes about your strengths and weaknesses so that you can give a brief and concise answer to the question you asked yourself.One of the most important things that you should take note of when you are considering your strengths and weaknesses is that your strengths are actually an asset and that your weaknesses are not necessarily a problem. When you write, take the time to be able to use both your strengths and weaknesses. By knowing your strengths and weaknesses, you can come up with the solution to your problem. By finding solutions to problems that you had in mind, you will be better able to get the answers to your questions and your essay will end up being well-written and interesting.Writi ng is an art that takes time and practice. However, it doesn't matter if you don't know the subject or writing style if you do not write from your strengths. Your strengths are what will help you succeed in your writing because they will show you what to write about and what to include in your paper.

Whos Discussing Free Slef Concept Essay Samples and Why You Need to Be Worried

<h1> Who's Discussing Free Slef Concept Essay Samples and Why You Need to Be Worried</h1> <h2> Understanding Free Slef Concept Essay Samples</h2> <p>Usually, development comes at the expense of prior solace or security. A significant impact of esteeming long range interpersonal communication measurements is esteeming information from other latent clients which are simply looking through, to pinpoint your own attention to self-esteem. Regardless of whether you're looking for a new position or endeavoring to ascend the company pecking order, an individual SWOT investigation will have the option to assist you with achieving your points. Online life destinations are a result of a general public that is self-assimilated. </p> <p>Don't endeavor to date individuals that you believe are at your current level. For example, a 14-year-old may end up being particularly aware of her childhood when she is with a gathering of old people. Since negative self-idea in puberty has been associated with arranged maladaptive conduct and enthusiastic difficulties, it's imperative to manage signs of negative self-idea in youth. Commending your children and your understudies should be just a single piece of raising confidence. </p> <h2>What Has to be Done About Free Slef Concept Essay Samples </h2> <p>Congruence between the mental self portrait and perfect self as a rule implies that there's a sensible measure of cover between them both. So at whatever point you have a poor week at work, your self-angle identified with proficient personality requires a blow. In certain cases, this flexibility as a rule implies that specific areas of oneself will be especially remarkable. Examine how these announ cements impact someone's self-idea. </p> <p>In most of good exposition assignments, you may need to incorporate at least three key focuses inside the body of your article. You're not even your build. You can envision self-conviction for a muscle that requires consistent compression all together with the goal for it to develop. Without a doubt an individual who has anorexia who's flimsy could have a mental self view where the individual accepts they are fat. </p> <h2>Free Slef Concept Essay Samples - the Story </h2> <p>Waitzkin's objective should fall flat. In the event that you wish to get a thought of what Apple may work next it can assist with understanding where they've been. In 2019, it isn't the activity. In any event, most existing apart from everything else. </p> <p>Attempting to transform into alluring without switching up your self-idea won't ever function as You will consistently feel there is something counterfeit in your conduct. A healthy confidence isn't something you should pursue or have an alternate route to discover. All that we do will affect our self-idea. At the point when you achieve something completely all alone, alone, there's a positive effect on both your self-assurance and confidence. </p> <p>Nobody has a desire to claim Uggs. At the point when you love somebody, you're set up to have a shot for this person. You're not buying a table. Be the most idiotic individual inside the room. </p> <p>The arrangement makes it feasible for the understudies to make and present a piece of work about them. The gadget's smaller than usual measurements and AC plug divider mounted structure makes it direct to convey around your home or work environment. A day of isolation, it shows up, isn't a day squandered. </p> <p>If so then you need to figure out how to think of a useful, strong, and excusing internal exchange that will allow you to re-edge such musings. Derek saw himself as a setback of society, considering minorities responsible for the difficulty on the planet. You think about your contemplations. Thus, you're not your contemplations. </p> <p>It ended up being a captivating inquiry and one which caused me to contemplate how isolation is extremely unique in relation to being separated from everyone else'. The absolute first authority biography is among the natural chiefs. It is fundamental that we discover people in our lives that won't give us ridiculous pictures of ourselves. The absolute initial phase in carrying on with an existence of opportunity is to acknowledge which you are not your feelings of dread. </p> <p>Somebody's childhood may profoundly affect their inclination and the way that they associate with different people. Clearly, the excursion towards self-completion includes being in the best possible outlook and having mindfulness to forestall any of these mentality traps that will block our ability to be prosperous. At the point when somebody thinks something that is harmonious to his self-idea, it's increasingly plausible he would oppose changing that conviction. A depleted individual gets missing and numb, they are aware of their unhappiness and a whole nonattendance of inspiration which effectively brings about a burdensome state of mind. </p>

Good Topics For Rebuttal Essay

<h1>Good Topics For Rebuttal Essay</h1><p>Are you searching for good themes for counter article? I have a few recommendations about how to do this. You will have the option to construct a decent discussion out of your resistance's most grounded focuses. Here are some tips:</p><p></p><p>Choose the point cautiously. This is the underlying thing that you ought to do. When you recognize what theme you need to utilize, the following thing you ought to do is select the best point for reply essay.</p><p></p><p>Before you pick the subject, think about the upsides and downsides of the theme. You may locate that one subject is superior to another. Consider the idea of the discussion. Do you need it to be a scholarly discussion or do you need it to be founded on emotion?</p><p></p><p>Pick the most significant focuses and the least significant focuses. Your rivals won't have any desire to tune in to your gr eatest focuses. Your most grounded focuses ought to be the ones that they tune in to and focus on. They would prefer not to hear the most fragile points.</p><p></p><p>You should begin your rejoinder article with a one-sentence presentation. This presentation ought to be trailed by three sentences that are then trailed by five to seven sentences that present the central matters of the counter. Along these lines, they won't get exhausted. They will at that point read on to the rebuttal.</p><p></p><p>After you have chosen the subject, ensure that you think of a title for the article. You can utilize either the point or the title that you picked as the title for your title. Ensure that the title you use is infectious and bodes well. It is smarter to go with your theme as opposed to utilizing the title. The title will get consideration in an alternate way.</p><p></p><p>Your counter exposition ought to have a couple o f models. In the event that the point is something passionate like religion, at that point you can incorporate a scriptural reference or something to do with the Bible. In the event that the subject is political, at that point you can incorporate something to do with the appointment of the leader of the United States or the Congress. You don't need to utilize all models yet they ought to be the principle ones that you use.</p><p></p><p>Make sure that the best possible body of the article is composed. You need to keep in touch with one passage for every point. Two passages will work as well. These sections are significant in light of the fact that they allow your adversary to reply.</p>

Essay Topic That Is More Important Than Writing an Argumentative Essay

<h1>Essay Topic That Is More Important Than Writing an Argumentative Essay</h1><p>A awesome contentious exposition ought to have a fundamental topic, an all around organized proposal, and an elegantly composed end. It ought to likewise be fascinating to peruse yet not exhausting, and ought to be a significant piece of the school confirmations test.</p><p></p><p>An pugnacious paper is like a difficult issue in arithmetic. While the principle thought of the issue can be dealt with a solitary right answer, the answer for the test must be found on the off chance that you have the response to the test first. Similarly, in the paper you need to think of one point and one inquiry to which you can figure your feeling. On the off chance that you have enough data to frame an end, at that point you can shape a conclusion.</p><p></p><p>The initial phase recorded as a hard copy a contentious article is to plunk down and make an inq uiry to be replied. This inquiry ought to have as its first reason an inquiry that has an unmistakable answer. The subsequent reason ought to have a powerless connect to the appropriate response and the inquiry ought to contain a roundabout or shrouded question that makes you think.</p><p></p><p>You can either take a gander at the subject of the theme exposition or return to the first point. This ought to be something in the school affirmations test that has not been secured at this point. You can get your data from interviews, books, web, discussions, overviews thus on.</p><p></p><p>Once you have your inquiry, have an unmistakable subject for your exposition. Your topic should cover three angles - the structure of the article, the subject, and the end. For instance, on the off chance that you will compose a paper on assorted variety in the United States, the subject could be the manner by which decent variety shapes American culture. From this you can figure an inquiry on what assorted variety intends to Americans and what it intends to you.</p><p></p><p>Your topic should help you in concocting a proposal. In any case, you ought to likewise ensure that you don't take an excessive amount of time recorded as a hard copy the theory. You should intend to complete your theory inside about fourteen days, and you ought to compose each day with the goal that you complete the proposal. At last, you ought to apply the proposal to your exposition as intently as possible.</p><p></p><p>Writing a contentious article is significant on the off chance that you need to get into school confirmations. Nonetheless, you should realize that on the off chance that you have more data than what you expected to shape a decision or have a powerless connection between the theory and the subject of the paper, at that point the article probably won't be successful.</p>

How to Use Samples Essays on Mobile Deposit Software

<h1>How to Use Samples Essays on Mobile Deposit Software</h1><p>The Student Success Survey shows that numerous understudies use tests articles on portable banking and they are very useful. The numerous favorable circumstances of finishing this application is that it can improve your evaluations, make you stay center, and increment your self-assurance. It isn't the apocalypse in case you're not ready to compose a PC based exposition but rather having a decent article test with an example word tally is an incredible apparatus for you to build up your own composing skills.</p><p></p><p>With such a significant number of online sources accessible for you to use as tests you may have inquiries concerning the sorts of themes you ought to expound on. There are a large number of potential outcomes when you are searching for tests of articles to rehearse with. You have to comprehend what kind of themes you are going to take a shot from the outset. You likewise need to choose if you should compose for a class or on the off chance that you can really pull off an independent writer.</p><p></p><p>The sorts of themes that you can expound on relies upon the subjects on the schedule at your school. In the event that you are taking a short exposition course, for example, AP English and Humanities or History or Geography, you won't have to stress over composing the AP sort of papers since the themes for these courses are vastly different. These are only a couple of instances of the kinds of points that you can do and the examples of papers that you can work with.</p><p></p><p>One motivation behind why understudies like examples is on the grounds that they can generally take the example and work on it in their own leisure time as opposed to trusting that an educator will give them assignments. You can alter the examples yourself as long as you know about sentence structure and spelling blunde rs. How the examples are composed could likewise have any kind of effect on how well you do on the assignment.</p><p></p><p>For model, on the off chance that you utilize an example's exposition on portable store programming you ought to get familiar with the best possible utilization of language and accentuation and the right utilization of accentuation. You ought to likewise get yourself acquainted with all the various methods of utilizing types of action words, for example, talking, composing, and perusing. You ought to likewise set aside the effort to acquaint yourself with the contrast among descriptors and qualifiers and how they can help you in writing.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies imagine that they must be master scholars to expound on portable store programming. It is conceivable to become familiar with the nuts and bolts of composing programming yet you ought to recollect that there are numerous destinations on the web that you can find that give tests of papers to you to work with. You can even beginning with something like a fundamental guide or even a marketable strategy on the off chance that you would prefer not to begin with a further developed project.</p><p></p><p>You should be cautious when expounding on portable store programming as this is an extremely expansive point. You ought to expound on how your encounters as a versatile financial client has been and not about a particular framework or even the presentation of a particular framework. You ought to likewise set aside the effort to find out about the various approaches to communicate, for example, utilizing inactive voice and dynamic voice.</p><p></p><p>When you begin searching for tests papers on portable store programming, you should ensure that you are keeping in touch with a group of people that is as of now acquainted with the theme. You ought to abstain from expounding on versatile ban king for individuals who are new to the subject. This can be an extremely confounding subject, to learn on your own.</p>

Why do small states join the European Union

Sample details Pages: 31 Words: 9286 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Many small states wish to join the EU as they see it as a body that can better the lives of their citizens and deliver a better standard of living for all. The perception is that EU membership can bring about economic growth, employment, better social conditions and the opportunity to live in a community where there is peace, security and social justice. Member states on the other hand have sometimes conflicting views about prospective membership of some smaller states. There are worries about the economic impact of taking on some of the poorer countries and concerns about immigration and security issues arising from smaller states on the boundaries of the EU. This dissertation will examine the three main reasons that small states wish to join. Chaperone looks at the economic issues and the benefits that the single market can bring, Chapter two looks at issues around security, in particular the desire of smaller stats to combine EU membership with NATO membership and chapter three looks at the aspects of EU social policy and its overall culture that attract small states. Chapter four and five are cases studies of the Czech Republic and Estonia why they wished to join the EU and how membership has affected them to date. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why do small states join the European Union? | Politics Dissertation" essay for you Create order There is some debate as to what actually defines a small state. Some definitions will base the description on population alone and define a small state as one with a population of less than 1.5 million. Other definitions pay more attention to economic and political status. For the purpose of this dissertation, a small state is understood to be one within Europe deemed to have a small amount of economic and political influence in comparison to influential EU member states such as Britain, France and Germany. Chapter 1 Economic Reasons for Joining the EU Economic growth is the primary reason for small states joining the EU. It is emerging into a huge commercial force and is now the largest internal single market as well as the largest trader of goods in the world. The year 2000 saw the EU account for 24 per cent of the total world trade in services, ahead of nearest competitors the US (with 22per cent) and Japan (8 per cent) (p61, Jeremy Rifkin The European Dream, Polity Press, Cambridge 2004).. Importantly the EU exports more than it imports, unlike the US, which runs on a trade deficit. The EUs GDP is also exceeding that of the US $10.5 in 2003 against $10.4and in total accounts for 30 per cent of GDP in the world. Quite simply, small states in Europe want to be a part of this economic powerhouse, and although debates about sovereignty, security and national identity may rage in all member states and amongst the politicians and citizens of prospective member states, the bottom line is the economy many smaller states feel that unless they become part of the EU, they will be left behind economically. Many small states will argue, quite rightly, that the enlargement of the EU to accommodate them will bring benefits across the Union. The enlargement in 2004 to include a further 10 states (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Slovakia) has added over 100 million people to the EUs market and will boost economic growth and create jobs. A study in 1997 by the Centre for Economic Research estimated that the accession of the countries of Eastern and Central Europe would bring and economic gain of 10 billion Euros for existing member states and 23 billion Euros for the new members. A further study by the European Commission also suggests that the accession of the new member states could increase the growth of GDP of the acceding countries by between 1.3 and 2.1percentage points annually, whilst for the existing members it could increase the level of GDP by 0.7 percentage points on a cumulative basis.. Certainly for small states, there is a perception that remaining outside of the EU denies them economic benefits, reduces the possibilities for growth and weakens their incentive for economic reform as well as discouraging foreign investment. Figures on national GDPs in the 1990s explain why the smaller states see EU membership as economically beneficial. The Economist reported the following levels for 1994 at purchasing-power parity exchange rates: Czech Republic 7,910, Latvia $5,170, Malta $7,460, Cyprus$10,260, Estonia $5,519 and Lithuania $3,240. This can be compared against a GDP of $18,170 for the 15 member states at the time roughly the average GDP of the smaller states was one third that of the averaged of existing members. The existing members states obviously want to see new members add to the economic success of the EU. Andrew Moravcsik writes enlargement rests on the convergent interests of existing and prospective members. EU leaders promote accession because they consider enlargement to have longer-term economic and geopolitical benefits the creation of commercial opportunities and the stabilisation of neighbouring countries (Andrew Moravcsik and Milada Anna Vachudova Bargaining Among Equals 2002). Moravcsik further makes the valid point that smaller states, particularly those from Eastern Europe will even accept less favourable terms on accession simply due to the fact that the economic consequences of non-membership are unpalatable for the likes of Poland and the Czech Republic the EU gives them something that was a distant dream fifteen years ago access to the worlds largest single market, strengthening of political ties with the West and the stabilisation of democracy and their own capital ist economies. The financial aid available to prospective member states is a huge incentive for small states to apply for EU membership. The Unions pre-accession strategy provides aid for applicants to carry out their forms required for membership and the Phare Programme which is open to prospective countries from Central and Eastern Europe involves institution building measures with accompanying investment as well as measures designed to promote economic and social cohesion. Eight of the new member states that joined the EU in May 2004 had been eligible for the Phare Programme and pre-accession aid has been substantially increased to remaining candidate countries. Bulgaria and Romania for example have been allocated 4.5 billion euros in pre-accession aid for2004 to 2006. The Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession (ISPA) is financial assistance aimed at addressing environmental and transport infrastructure priorities identified in accession partnerships with applicants from Central and Eastern Europe. Coming under the remit of the Directorate General for Regional Policy, ISPA only finances major transport and environmental projects. Up until 2003 its overall budget for Central and Eastern European countries was 1.1 billion Euros and/or 2004 it had a budget of 452 million Euros for Bulgaria and Romania. A further type of assistance for candidate countries is the Special Accession Programme for Agricultural and Rural Development (SAPARD).This programme, again aimed at beneficiary countries from Central and Eastern Europe offers aid to help deal with problems in the infrastructure in agricultural and rural sectors. SAPARD had a budget of 560 Euros for the ten candidate countries from the region in 2003and a further 225.2 million Euros for Bulgaria and Romania for 2004. Slovenia serves as a good example of a small state that has particularly benefited from pre-accession assistance from 2000onwards it received a total of around 65 million euros annually from the financial aid programmes. It was allocated large amounts of money form the PHARE programme: in the period 1992 to 1999 it was allocated191 million euros, for 2000 33.3 million, 28.5 million in 2001 and 41.9million in 2002. In addition there were payments totalling 19.6 million Euros from ISPA in 2000, and 17 million in 2001. 60 per cent of the support was directed at environmental projects and 40 per cent at transport projects. Finally the Slovenian SAPARD programme has given the state 6.6 million euros annually since 2000. Such financial assistance is obviously an attraction to governments of small states and it is also something that sways the populations of the states in favour of EU membership. A referendum held on EU accession in Slovenian 2003 showed a 90 per cent vote in favour of acc ession, influenced largely by the amount of aid that it had received. A referendum held on NATO membership at the same time was in favour, but with only a majority of 66 per cent. Attracting business with its comparatively cheap labour force is a further objective of the smaller states in seeking EU membership. Certainly for the larger, established members, the thought of cheap labour from 75 million new citizens from Eastern and Southern Europe isa fear for their own economies as is the prospect of companies in Western Europe relocating more of their manufacturing and service operations to the East where labour costs are cheaper. Happily, for the small states in Eastern Europe at least, there is evidence that this has already begun to happen. The consulting firm Gartner states that The Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary are especially attractive options as sites for Western European companies looking to outsource some of their operations to cheaper labour markets. Logistics Company DHL set up an IT operation centre inPrague in 2004 and Gillette has announced plans to set up a $148million plant in Poland, moving its manufacturing and distribution out of Germany and England (p63 Rifkin 2004). The consequences are as worrying for Britain and Germany as they are positive for Poland -Gillette will close two plants in England and cut production and its workforce in its Berlin factory. Poland serves as an example of a country feeling the economic benefits of EU membership. Prior to joining, many Poles were sceptical and vociferously made know their concerns about dangers to their sovereignty and social values. However over three quarters say that they are now happy with EU membership (The Economist Reaping the European Harvest, January 8, 2005) and this is largely due to the upturn in the polish economy generated by EU membership. In the first eight months of its membership Poland was given $3.4 billion from the EU budget, equating to roughly twice what it paid in. Farmers incomeshave risen by one third for small farmers and by two thirds for those with large farms reversing years of decline. Generous EU subsidies and an influx of foreign buyers paying good prices for Polish fruit and meat have been the reason for this. Polands total exports rose by over30 per cent in the first nine months of 2004 due to the abolition of customs formalities and tourist numbers hav e been boosted by 20 percent with EU rules opening up the skies to budget airlines. (The Economist January 8, 2005). There have been similar results in other Eastern European states in Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia, growth averaged 4.6 per cent as opposed to 3.5per cent in 2003. In Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, less regulated economies enjoyed growth of 6.7 per cent in 2004 (The Economist January 8, 2005). There have been some economic tensions with more established member states. The low tax policies of newer members have been criticised by the likes of France and Germany who see the lower taxes of Central European states as damaging to jobs and investment in Western Europe. Belgium, as well, has publicly questioned why the EU should give regional financial assistance to states that appear to collect very little in tax. Slovakia, for example set a 19 per cent flat rate for income tax, corporate tax and VAT for 2004 as an incentive for its business climate. Despite the raised eyebrows of Western members however, tax revenues showed a modest rise for the year. For smaller states, the greatest attraction of the EU is its economic power. Individual aspects such as trade without tariffs and the common currency can alone be seen as positive benefits for the smaller states, but it is the overall economic package that comes with the EU that really appeals small states generally believe that membership will secure their long-term economic prosperity. Chapter Two Security in the EU Security is an important issue for small states and the EU offers asecurity that many of these countries could not achieve alone. It ishowever an issue that means different things to different countries.The Czech Republic for example has been as keen to join NATO as it hasthe EU, whilst neutral small states such as Malta have concerns aboutbeing tied into a Western security bloc that threatens the neutralitythat it cherishes. An effective security policy is crucial for the EU. Bretherton andVogler rightly states that: If the Union is fully to realise thepotential of its significant presence, it is vital that the economicpower of the European Community is articulated to a stronger sense ofcollective political purpose. A well coordinated and fully functioningcommon foreign policy would have this effect (p169 Bretherton andVogler The European Union as a Global Actor, Routledge Publishing,New York 1999). Individual states have differing agendas in terms of security. Statesin Eastern Europe and The Baltics are largely looking to move west andaway from the old sphere of Soviet influence. Slovenia on the otherhand has one eye always on the situation in the former Yugoslavia. The EU has a secondary role in terms of security to NATO and smallstates realise this. For the majority, NATO membership is moreimportant in terms of security but there is a perception that EUmembership can somehow be a stepping-stone to NATO membership. Militaryalliance with the US is seen as a far greater guarantee of securitythan membership of the EU. Certainly there is a noticeable gap in themilitary capability European NATO members and The US the EU hasstruggled to fund and mobilise its 60,000 strong Rapid Reaction Forcewhilst the extra $48 billion that President Bush planned to spend inaddition to Americas $331 billion defence budget in 2002 was more thanBritain or France spends in a year (The Economist A moment of truth the future of NATO, May 4, 2002). The EUs Common Foreign and Security Policy announced objectives that will have been well-received by small states: To safeguard the common values, fundamental interests, independence and integrity of the Union To strengthen the security of the Union in all ways To preserve peace and strengthen international security To promote international cooperation To develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law, and respectfor human rights and fundamental freedoms (p171 Bretherton and Vogler1999) Whether it has the military capability to be little more than a defenceand security talking shop overshadowed by NATO remains to be seen. Itsis not planning to set up a European army its Rapid Reaction Force islittle more than a multinational peacekeeping force, similar to that ofthe United Nations. With a force of 60,000 personnel, the objectives ofthe force are to undertake peacekeeping, humanitarian, crisismanagement and rescue missions at short notice. EU policy has made itvery clear that such a force will in no way replace the national armedforces of individual member states. Maltas position as a neutral member state (along with Ireland, Sweden,Finland and Austria) makes it an interesting case in relation tosecurity. It has had a number of concerns as to the militaryimplications of its EU membership, however most of its issues can beresolved with reference to policy. The EU does not have anyjurisdiction over military service it cannot impose military servicein EU countries; it has no power to decide what EU countries should dowith their armed forces and whether they should participate in anymilitary activities; defence and military matters are discussed underthe Common Foreign and Security Policy and decisions must be taken by aunanimous vote Maltese forces cannot be ordered to fight with thearmies of other EU countries; Malta does not have to give up itsneutrality as a condition of EU membership it can also refuse toserve as a military base or a join a military alliance; Malta does nothave to join NATO. Malta also has an interesting position in relation to the EUs RapidReaction Force. It has agreed to contribute a platoon of 30 Maltesesoldiers coordinated with Italian troops. It will not take part in anypeacekeeping or crisis management missions and will limit itsinvolvement to humanitarian and rescue missions. Even more unusually,participation in the EU force will be the decision of individualsoldiers The Commander of its Armed Forces will ask for volunteersfor the EU platoon. Finally Malta has sought clarification that the EUas an entity cannot join NATO. It is aware that the EU itself has nocapability to defend members and the NATO umbrella of mutual defence ofits members does not cover Malta itself in effect, Malta alone isresponsible for its own defence. For the majority of small states looking at EU membership however,eventual membership of NATO is a twin goal. One of the issues for allEuropean states in future will be whether the EU security role has tobe increased if the US shows itself less likely to commit its troops inor around Europe in the future, even under the umbrella of NATO, tofight battles that should be fought by Europe itself. There are mixedmessages from the American on one hand it hints that the EU should betaking more responsibility for the defence of Europe yet at the sametime it has repeatedly warned Europe that the EU should not attempt tobuild its own military organisation, independent of NATO. As Rifkinssuggests: the US would like EU member countries to pony up greatermilitary expenditures and to ratchet up their commitments to thedefence of Europe, but within the NATO rubric, so as to maintain USmilitary dominance in that part of the world (p310 Rifkins 2004). Historically, the idea that the EU should speak with one voice in termsof foreign policy and world affairs has been around since the earliestideas of European integration. It has however been the issue aroundwhich national governments are most reluctant to lose control of andwhilst small states are keen to benefit from the security of EU andpossible NATO membership, their governments and their populations arealso reserved about handing over too much influence in terms of defenceand foreign policy to a centralised body. Certainly, over the years,the EU has had far more success in creating a single market and acommon currency than it has in formulating a common foreign andsecurity policy. Nonetheless the geopolitical changes across Europesince the fall of communism, along with the crises in the Balkans haveencouraged members to make continuing attempts to show a united frontin terms of foreign policy. Whilst progress continues to be made, albeit slowly in the creation ofa Rapid Reaction Force, previous attempts to forge a militarypartnership have failed. An attempt to form a European DefenceCommunity was unsuccessful in 1954 and a further attempt through aprocess called European Political Cooperation in 1970, in whichcountries attempted to coordinate their positions on foreign policyissues had little success in translating words or statements intoaction. The sphere of foreign policy does actually give smaller states someleverage within the overall activities of the EU. Whilst some withinthe EU are pushing for a greater amount of authority to go towards theEU and its institutions, the situation at present remains thatessential authority remains with member states the agreed formularequires that key decisions are taken by a unanimous vote. Thisobviously is problematic with 15 members, never mind 25. It doeshowever allow small states an important power of veto if they so closeto use it. The system also allows small neutral states a degree ofprotection in terms of their neutrality. If for example, 24 otherstates decided to join NATO, thus wiping out the perceived neutralityof member states, a neutral country such as Ireland would still be ableto veto this. The Common Foreign and Security policy that was laid out in 1992 wassoon tested in the break up of the former Yugoslavia. The experiencewas a sobering one for the EU unable to broker a peace dealdiplomatically, it was unable to act effectively as an interveningEuropean force and member states could only become involved under aNATO or UN umbrella. For small state in Eastern Europe, EU membership is something tooverride their often deep-rooted feelings of insecurity. The EuropeanCommission has also made statements to confirm that it is aware of itssecurity responsibilities to the smaller states of Eastern Europe,confirming in 1990 that: the peaceful revolution which swept EsterEurope in 1989 is probably the most significant event in global termsfor the last 45 years. It is happening on the doorstep of the EuropeanCommunity. It represents a challenge and an opportunity to which the EChas given an immediate response (p183 Mike Mannin Pushing Back theBoundaries The European Union and Central Europe, ManchesterUniversity Press 1999) The threats that they perceive are notnecessarily the traditional threat of an aggressive neighbour, although(despite its own overtures towards NATO) Russia is still seen as apotential threat by most and the Czech Republic has an understandablehistorical wariness of Germany. Hungary also has its own s ecurityconcerns in relation to its extensive borders with the seeminglyunstable states of the former Yugoslavia. The feeling of threat hasgenerally emanated from the experience of rapid and fundamentalinternal change, exacerbated by perceptions of external threat toenvironmental or societal security. Small states have fears about the spread of international terrorism inmuch the same way as large states, even though there has been littlehistory of terrorist attacks in some of the smaller states to date. Theindiscriminate nature of attacks on Western targets over the lastdecade has meant that all nation within Europes boundaries must beprepared to tackle the threat. The European Security Strategy agreed in2003 confirmed the commitment of all member states to its basic missionand priority areas for action: the fight against terror; a strategy forthe Middle East and a comprehensive policy on one of the smaller statesof Europe itself, Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Security Strategy also lookedto build on the credibility of its intervention capability, identifyinga number of peacekeeping, rescue and humanitarian missions that couldbe undertaken by the Rapid Reaction Force. It also agreed to provide upto 5000 police officers that could be deployed within 30 days forcivilian duty in crisis are as. For smaller states, the international security aspect of EU membershipis largely about a feeling of belonging and knowing that their owndefence is more secure as a result of membership of the EU. For thelikes of Hungary and the former Soviet states in the Baltics, thisrequirement is largely met by EU accession and the potential for NATOmembership. There are compromises to be made in the region of securitythough this has been something that has been experienced by allmember states. Despite their commitments to making a success of theCommon Foreign and Security Policy, member states still find itdifficult to change their own national policy towards a particularregion or country in the name of EU solidarity. Even the seeminglyclosest of neighbours can disagree for example Irelands oppositionin comparison to British support for war in Iraq. As things stand, military intervention including European nations islikely to continue to be NATO led. Accession to the EU alone is likelyto offer the smaller states to operate in the midst of what has beenreferred to as an island of peace. That will suit the majority ofthem perfectly. Chapter Three Social Aspects of EU Membership At the most basic level, the governments and citizens of small statesseeking EU membership seek a better standard of life. Whilst theeconomy and defence and security issues contribute to this the overallperceived social benefits of EU membership cover a wide range ofissues. Directed specifically at the 10 prospective accession states in2004, the EC stated that adapting to the EUs employment and socialpolicies will (also) lead to an improvement in key areas such as labourmarket reform, work conditions, health and safety, gender equality andsocial cohesion. The EU has been built on a commitment of economic competition alongsidesocial cohesion and solidarity it has developed traditions of qualityin terms of working conditions, industrial relations and social policyin general. It purports to be a non-discriminatory society in which allcitizens have the same opportunities and rights as others, regardlessof sex, race or origin. All or these aspects are an attraction to themajority of leaders and citizens in smaller European states. SimilarlyEU policies in the workplace and in terms of social security attractsmall states. The EU looks to increase minimum rights as regardsworking condition with policies on issues such as equal opportunities,health and safety and flexible working time. It also sets targets formember states in terms of universal social protection, participationand democracy in the workplace and participation in democratic life.The EU introduces social inclusion programmes for the most vulnerablein society in 2002 this led to the adoption of a coordinated policyamong member states to fight social exclusion, a policy that was to neextended to new members states. The EU expects its member states todevelop the social justice that is enshrined within its own charters.It encourages decent or fair wages and decent living standards for allits citizens. In the words of Jechimis freedom from need for the basicnecessities of life food, housing, medical care and education is asimportant to true democracy as the freedom of speech and worship,assembly and association (p9 Daniel Vaughan-Whitehead, EU Enlargementversus social Europe, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham 2002) . EU enlargement is promoted by the EU as mutually beneficial. Newsmaller member states benefit from the social policies of the EU and,despite the reservation of larger established states about some newmembers, they should benefit from the increased market and thediversity that new members bring. The EU enlargement of 2004 wasestimated to increas e the EU population by 28 per cent and its surfacearea by 35 per cent. The EU takes steps to ensure that the smaller states acceding to the EUare committed to their responsibilities in employment and socialaffairs. Efforts required by the states acceding in 2004 included: Full transposition of EU legislation into national legislation inareas such as labour law, health and safety, gender equality, oranti-discrimination Preparation for the participation in the European employmentstrategy, following up the so-called Joint Assessment Papers (JAP)which set out priorities for employment policy in the run-up toaccession Preparation for participation in the open method of coordination in the arrears of social inclusion and pensions Preparation for the future intervention of the European Social Fund(ESF), a key tool in supporting the development of human capital andrestructuring the allocation of ESF is now entering a decisive phase Enhancing the dialogue in these countries involving employers and trade unions and their interaction with government. EU policie s towards employment and training are also seen as a positivefactors by both politicians and populations in smaller European states.EU social policy has a determination to secure more and better jobs andopportunities at its core. EU policies are designed to ensure thatnobody is left behind as it aims to become the most competitive andknowledge-based economy in the world. It has developed a Social PolicyAgenda that links together its economic, social and employment policiesand includes key strands: The European Employment Strategy Improving working conditions and standasrds Social inclusion and social protection Equality of men and women The EU aims to raise the level of working age people I employment to 70per cent, again something that would represent a significantimprovement for many of the economically stagnant smaller states. To dothis the EU will have to create 20 million new jobs amongst the current25 member states by 2010 a target likely to have current prospectivecandidates even kinder to join and share in the benefits of jobcreation. The European Employment Strategy involves the EC meeting annually todecide on common priorities and objectives for the employment policiesof member states. Strategies are created that aim to ensure jobcreation, job quality, a decent work-life balance and the stamping outof discrimination based on race, gender or disability. Individualgovernments feed into this with their own plans and how they areachieving them as with many aspects of EU membership, small statescan benefit from the chance to work with partners from other memberstates and develop best practices. The European Social Fund also entices small states towards the EU. Itis due to spend around 60 million euros to develop work skills andsocial skills for citizens across the EU. The fact that the fund isparticularly directed at states with high levels of unemployment or lowincome also makes the scheme attractive to small states. A further 3billion euros is also set aside to tackle discrimination andinequality. The minimum standards for all also set out attractive policies interms of employment and social policy for smaller states. From expectedguarantees on standards of working environment to minimum rules onworking conditions and health and safety, the EU does set out toprotect workers rights, something that is popular with votersthroughout the EU. Freedom of movement and the possibility of taking up employmentelsewhere is of course a massive attraction for citizens in many ofEuropes small states where they feel their opportunities arerestricted. In the period leading up to accession the citizens ofprospective member states were free to travel and reside in existingmember states for up to three months provided that they possessed validtravel documents, were not considered a threat to national security andcould provide evidence of means to support themselves for the durationof their stay. Following accession, although the abolition of bordersbetween existing and new members states as outlined in the Schengenagreements have not yet come into effect, citizens of small sates suchas Latvia and Lithuania are now able to enter other member states and,providing that they meet the conditions for gaining the right ofresidence, they will be able to study and live there as well as votingin local and European Parliament elections. The right to take up employment elsewhere in the EU has been somethingthat citizens in smaller states such as those in the Baltics have seenas selling point for EU membership. At present this remains somethingof a grey area. Whilst the aim is to allow complete free market accessand the right to work anywhere within the EU, if current member statesare convinced that it is absolutely necessary to protect their ownlabour markets from disturbances and potential influxes of migrantworkers then they can impose temporary restrictions on the right towork within their borders. Also for a two-year period from 2004,existing member states can choose how to deal with work permits forcitizens from new member states. These policies are to be reviewedafter two years as the EU looks to move towards full freedom ofmovement and although the restrictions maybe extended, some memberstates have already said that they will probably not demand specificwork permits. Small states such as Latvia and Lithuania have had problems withorganise crime since the collapse of communism and they have hopes thata closer working relationship with the law and order agencies of thelarger established member states will help to alleviate these problems.In contrast, one of the fears of existing sates is that an enlarged EUwill lead to an increase in illegal migration and organised crime. Oneof the key objectives of European policy is to ensure that Europeancitizens can enjoy a high level of personal freedom and mobility withinthe EU. It has developed a set of rules and standards on issues such asborder control, asylum, illegal migration, organised crime and policeand judicial cooperation. As previously mentioned, the Schengen systemhas been developed for the eventual lifting of border controls once allmember states are satisfied that all its external borders are as safeand well managed as they would expect of their own borders. New states,particularly those n the fringes of Europe will have to implement thesecontrols there may be a cost but end result is hoped to be a Europein which freedom, security and justice can be offered to all of itscitizens. EU membership allows small states to more freely enjoy and participatein cultural aspect of European life. Ireland for example has benefitedculturally from Corks status as European Capital of Culture for 2005.The award of the status has seen a number of benefits for the citizensof Ireland including promotion of events involving people active inculture across Europe, ensuring the mobilisation and participation oflarge sections of the population in cultural events, the opportunity toreceive citizens from across the Europe Union and reach as wide anaudience as possible, to promote a dialogue between European culturesand to exploit the historic heritage, architecture and quality of lifein the city. These are obviously in addition to the large-scaleeconomic benefits of hosting a series of events that pull in touristfrom all over Europe. Culture is one the many quality of life aspects that attract smallstates towards EU membership. There are a number of other varyingindicators that suggest the benefits of EU membership. For example, inthe EU there are 322 trained physicians per 100,000 people (P79 Rifkin2004) significantly higher than in many of the smaller states outsideof the EU. The social aspects of the EU are a major attraction to small stateswithin the EU, in some aspects more to the citizens of poorer nationsthan to their national governments. There is obviously a cost involvedin implementing the some of the employment strategies and for the likesof the Latvian and Lithuanian governments, workers rights and equalopportunities are issues to be worked on once they have managed toboost economic growth. Certainly for the workforce in poorer smallstates, REU membership offers opportunity. Many are happy to stay andwork in their home countries but the opportunity to move and elswehwereis a freedom that they are keen to have. The benefits of EU membership can be seen in Central and EasternEurope. Combined with economic benefits, social policies have alreadybegun to create better employment prospects. The arrival of new memberswill also enrich the community through the spread of culturaldiversity, exchange of ideas and a better understanding of othernations. Quality of life in smaller states should improve as theirgovernments adopt EU policies for the fight against organised crime,against drugs and illegal immigration. Adherence to EU environmentalpolicies should also see a better standard of living and indeed betterhealth for citizens in new member states. One of the main criteria for accession to the EU as laid out by the ECin Copenhagen was that members should be able to ensure democracy, therule of law, human rights and respect for minorities. All of thesecriteria are incentives for joining the EU that cab be described underthe broad framework of social policy. Economic benefits and increasedsecurity may be the immediate things that come to mind when analysingwhy small sates wish to join the EU, social issues, encompassing thelikes of employment law, law and order and culture, are also importantfactors. The Czech Republic was seen from the early 1990s as the most likely of the Eastern European nations to be a candidate for EU membership. Following the Velvet Revolution it made good progress towards meeting the membership criteria, despite some scepticism towards the EU when under the leadership of Prime Minister Klaus. The initial breakaway from communism had been completed as Czechoslovakia. Rupnik and Zielanka write that: for both Czechs and Slovaks, the Velvet Revolution of November 1989 heralded the exit from communism and a return to Europe that became identified with the prospect of joining the EU (p3, Rupnik and Zielenka 2003). Following the split with Slovakia, the Czech Republic began to focus on its entry into the EU. Its prime motives were its identification with European cultures and values, a belief that joining up with other democracies would make its own democratic transition irreversible and the desire to access western modernity, prosperity and security. For the Czechs, security in particular was an issue and it had in fact seen membership of NATO a priority over membership of the EU. The Czechs were more pro-American than many other of the EU member states or prospective members and had a general wish to keep the Russiansout, the Americans in and the Germans down Otto Pick, Director of the Institute of International Affairs argues that NATO is seen by the Czechs as the only organisation the links the US with Europe and that whilst the EU is important to the Czechs, its most influential country is Germany whilst in NATOs case the most influential member is the US. He writes of Czech opinion: so to many people, NATO seems to be a political counterbalance of the EU which many people see as dominated by Germany (p33 Rupnik and Zielenka 2003). Amongst the Euro sceptics in the Czech Republic was a cross-section of political thought. Liberals had fears of communism being smuggled in through the back door again in the form of a centrally governed regulatory frame, ex-communists had concerns about Americanisation and the prospect of international capitalists taking over profitable local firms and nationalists were ever wary of German influence. Entry into the EU was of course seen as an opportunity to build on theCzech Republics economic growth. The economy had performed wellfollowing the Velvet Revolution, due partly to the prudent economicpolicies of the Communist government. Having split with Slovakia, itboomed again with rapid transfer of ownership to the private sector,low unemployment and an avoidance of the hyperinflation that affectedother former communist states. The Czech Republic had a well-developedindustrial tradition and a well qualified labour force thatcomplemented its progress under democracy. The shift towards a marketsystem worked well in the mid-1990s with price stability and areasonable rate of growth. The economy was based in mineral resourcesincluding coal, tin, lead, zinc and iron ore along with highlydeveloped processing industries for machinery, steel, chemicals, glassand uranium. Exports that the Czechs hoped to boost with entry into theEU included manufactured goods, machinery, cars and transport equipmentand beer. In agricultural production, cereals, sugar beets and hopswere the main products. A balance of payments crisis led to a recession between 1997 and 1999that the government took a number of steps to correct. Theprivatisation of the banking sector was completed by 2001 and a publicbailout of the banks and their bad debts. A great deal of attention waspaid to the restructuring of loss making companies and a legalframework was put in place to combat economic crime and establishingmore efficient bankruptcy procedures. Whilst waiting for entry to theEU, THE Czech Republic made a determined effort to attract foreigninvestment, something it hoped would be further enhanced by EUmembership. There have been successes large investment has beenattracted from the Toyota Motor Corporation and PSA Peugeot Citroen a1.5 Euro green-field car assembly plant in Kolin. The economic outlook in 2004 painted a generally positive picture for the Czech Republic. With buoyant exports and strong private investment, output growth had gained momentum and was predicted to reach 4 per cent duri ng 2005 and 2006. Inflation was expected to remain around 3 per cent and whilst employment growth was expected to be muted, a slight decline in unemployment was expected for 2005 and 2006 (OECD Economic Outlook Czech Republic Volume 2004/2 no 76). A more detailed analysis shows GDP growth strengthening and becoming more broad based, largely due to entry into the EU single market. Private investment had increased quickly, improving export results and profits and increasing profitability of firms and low interest rates. Imports have also soared. Entry into the EU has brought about some positive developmentsin terms of employment growth, primarily in the private sector. Incontrast with previous experience, jobs have been created mostly fordependent workers, whilst self-employment decreased mainly due tochanges in the tax treatment of the self-employed. On a more negativenote, restructuring and downsizing has continued in manufacturing,public services and some private services, leaving unemployment at itshighest since 2001. The government had introduced a programme of fiscal reform in 2003including spending ceilings and major reforms on pensions and inhealth. The aim is to bring the central government deficit down to 3per cent of GDP by 2008,with an intermediate target of 4 per cent in2006 (OECD Outlook 2004/2) . Harmonisation has driven excises increasesand increases in regulated prices is likely to effect consumer pricesin 2005 and 2006 and whilst there is little change projected change ininterest rates following EU entry, some additional inflation pressurescould come from robust output growth, sizeable increases in some publicsector wages and oil price effects. Czech Republic: Demand, output and prices 200120022003200420052006 Current pricesPercentage change, volume (1995 prices) Billion CZK Private Consumption1192.32.84.93.53.63.6 Government consumption513.04.52.2-0.4-0.20.5 Gross fixed capital formation638.63.47.49.57.26.0 Final domestic demand2343.93.34.94.13.73.6 Stockbuilding30.00.1-0.40.60.00.0 Total domestic demand2374.02.84.24.53.73.6 Exports of goods/services1593.32.76.216.712.010.4 Imports of good/services1598.04.97.817.311.29.6 Net exports-58.7-2.2-2.2-2.8-0.9-0.7 GDP at market prices2315.31.53.13.94.24.1 GDP deflator2.81.74.12.62.5 Memorandum items Consumer price index1.80.12.93.13.0 Private consumption deflator0.7-0.72.12.82.6 Unemployment rate7.37.88.48.38.2 Central govt financial balance-6.8-12.6-4.3-4.6-3.9 Current account balance-5.6-6.2-6.5-6.6-6.5 The OECD analysis of the Czech economy into entry into the EU suggeststhat the overall effect has been positive the momentum of exportgrowth is expected to continue and economic output is projected to growabout 4 per cent over the projection period, while inflated ispredicted to remain stable at around 3 per cent. Export growth isexpected to reach double digits in 2005 and should remain high for thefollowing two years. Investment growth is likely to decelerate butremain sustained and employment growth should be positive but muted. The Czech republic, like other new member states, is committed tojoining the euro zone. This again is likely to be a positive move,partly from the economic gains from joining a large currency area butalso as the conditions fro entry will encourage the Czechs to maintainlow and stable inflation and seek reductions in government deficit anddebts that in themselves would probably improve economic conditions.The OECD looks favourably upon the Czech strategy on entry into theeuro. A process of dialogue and explicit agreement between thegovernment and the Central Bank has helped shape expectations andreduce uncertainties among markets. Also the aim to avoid aprolongation of ERM II membership over two years will lessen the riskof exchange rate volatility. To meet the Maastricht criteria for entryinto the euro, the Czech Republic still has to tackle its high budgetdeficit and there will need to be clear evidence of fiscalconsolidation to achieve a positive assessment by the EU authorities. For the Czech Republic, entry into the EU was largely based on economicambition and its target for the short to medium term is to strengthenits growth prospects. At the beginning of 2005, growth potential issomewhere around 3 per cent (p9 OECD Outlook 2004/7) which suggests atbest a moderate pace of catch-up to living standards elsewhere in theEU. The OECD sees four major issues that will determine the merits ofthe Czechs EU accession. Firstly is fiscal consolidation necessaryto cope with ageing, to bring down the tax burden and to fulfileuro-entry conditions. Pension and health reforms should be targeted atmaking savings, greater revenue raising measures need to be implementedand with the decentralisation of public services, there is arequirement for good budgeting practices and accountability in regionaland municipal governments. A successful entry into the euro area willbe a second crucial factor in the Czech Republics successfulintegration into the EU. Again the OECD is optimist ic about this butstates that the Czech authorities should pay close attention to how the Maastricht criteria are interpreted and applied by the EuropeanCommission and the ECB and adjust their communication strategyaccordingly. Thirdly is making the business environment moregrowth-friendly. Whilst EU membership has seen the Czech Republiccompete strongly for foreign investment, policy towards poorlyperforming firms and business start-ups is far from efficient, oftenslowing down the exit and entry of firms. Also, bankruptcy proceduresin the Czech Republic are cumbersome and more often than not end up inasset stripping and liquidation. Finally, improving the functioning ofthe labour market is a challenge for the Czech government. Mobilitybetween jobs and regions is weak and factors such as debt control,severe poverty traps and strict employment protection legislation onindividual dismissals have led to some considerable long-termunemployment. The Roma population is particularly hit by this, as withsocial exclusion and poor educational opportunities, something that theEU is keen to see rectified. Migration following EU membership hasslowly started to have an effect on the Czech labour market Slovakshave migrated to take up a number of skilled vacancies and othermigrants f rom Eastern Europe, particularly Ukraine have been taking upunskilled jobs that are unattractive to Czechs. A more open immigrationpolicy needs to be adopted to address the inconsistency in the grantingof work permits and to allow for a better alignment of immigrantsskills with those needed on the Czech labour market. Prime Minister Vaclav Klaus had often been sceptical about Czech entryinto the EU. One of his favourite metaphors had been shall we let ouridentity and sovereignty dissolve in Europe like a lump of sugar in acup of coffee? (p26 Rupnik and Zielonka 2003) and Czechs can berelieved that this has not happened. To date, the Czech Republic hasfound EU membership more inline with the vision of Havel who spoke ofone big community, based on the principle of unity in diversity (p283Rupnik and Zielonka p2003). Certainly for the Czechs, long-termeconomic growth with a share in Western prosperity was the primemotivation for entry into the EU the signs so far are at the veryleast that this looks achievable. Chapter Five Case Study: Estonia The Estonian transformation from a planned to market economy had takenplace in the early 1990s. Systematic reforms had followed monetaryreforms in 1992. The first major move of the post-communist governmenthad been to restore the kroon as the national coin and set up acurrency board to enforce a peg to the DM. A legal framework wasestablished to launch the private sector and to restructure Estoniasbusiness sector it was successful from early in the post-Communistera in attracting foreign investment. GDP fell in the early 1990s asthe new economic system bedded in but by 1995 the recession had run itscourse, although a crisis in the financial sector in 1998 causedforeign demand to decline with a subsequent fall in GDP. 2000 saw the growth rate in the economy increase again to 7.1 per cent,driven by the economic integration with member states. From then on theeconomy continue to show great resilience despite the slowdown in itsmajor EU trading partners during 2001.GDP growth fell slightly duringthis year, the budget showed a small surplus of GDP at 0.2 per cent andthe current account deficit stood at 6.1 per cent, covered by strongforeign direct investment flows. Estonias most important exports aremachinery and electrical equipment, wood and textiles while tourism isalso an important factor. Its biggest business partners in recent yearshave been Sweden and Finland. The IMF describes Estonia as an outstanding performer among thetransition economies yet it faces a number of challenges that it hopeEU membership can help it with in particular, it needs to lowerunemployment and ensure the balance regional development of thecountry. Its relations with the EU were good throughout the 1990s. It wasrecognised by the European Commission in August 1991 and the followingyear the Estonian Ambassador in Brussels was accredited by the EC. Itsdraft Accession Treaty was approved by the Estonian Government on April8 2002 and a referendum was held on entry in September 2003 and 66.84per cent of voters supported accession. Estonias monetary policies in the 1990s committed the nation largelyto a classic liberal agenda of open borders, low taxes, balancedbudgets, the competition principle, privatisation, deregulation and aminimal state. Such was the extent of this, that when Estonia made thedecision to seek EU membership it would involve a good deal of economicsacrifice. It can be argued that some of Estonias economic strengths can bebalance d by a number of political weaknesses. Certainly its governmenthas displayed a certain amount of bitterness about its recentexperiences of cultural and economic imperialism. The immediatede-Russifiaction of the administrative process serves as an example ofthis. In fact, since its independence, Estonias nationalism has beenstrongly inclusive, with an open disregard for all things Russian andauthoritarian. Security was a major factor in Estonias decision to join the EU.Whilst relation have been amicable with Russia, the large number ofethnic Russians living within its borders have led Estonia towardsseeking membership of NATO as a further security blanket. Even despitegood relations with its Nordic and Baltic neighbours, securityconsiderations remain overriding: The EU is seen as the strongestanchor for Estonias return to the West.even Estonian liberals arguethat the EUs protective cloak is worth the sacrifice of full-bloodedliberal economic policies, if that indeed is what EU membershiprequires (p422 Gillingham John, European Integration 1950-2003,Cambridge University Press 2003). Estonia realigned itself with the West from the early 1990s onwards andclearly had set its sights on EU membership. Martin Laar, primeminister between 1992 1996 and 1999 2001 spoke glowingly of theUnion stating that it was not only an economic union but has acultural and historical identity (p423 Gillingham 2003) and also thatEurope should concern itself deeply with what it is about, so that forthe (Estonian) people the European Union does not merely stand for aEuro-currency. It must be an idea, a dream (p423 Gillingham 2003). AsEstonia applied for membership in 2000, Laar also spoke of his beliefsthat small states were a vital part of the EU success and that theacceptance of such diversity within its framework was one of itsstrengths, stating: nowhere else on earth do so many cultures livetogether on such a small territory (p423 Gillingham 2003). Structural change in Estonia in the lead up to EU membershipexemplified its move away from a Soviet past to a future with itsWestern and Baltic neighbours. Finnish influence in particular wasnoticeable. Estonians use more computers and cell phones per capitathan the French, its capital, Tallinn, has been restored, yet away fromthe capital there are still large areas of poverty, with the 30 prycent Russian minority in particular remaining disengaged from economicprogress. One of the assurances that the EU has demanded from Estoniais fair access in opportunity for jobs, housing and health care for itssizeable Russian minority. Since accession, Estonia has continued to flourish as an emergingeconomic power. Its is attracting business in particular from theaffluent Nordic states and is rapidly developing a highly educatedworkforce and expanding telecommunications and information technologysector it has more personal computer per head than France (p59Mannin) Like many small states, Estonia was buoyed by improvements in itseconomy in its years as a candidate member. Once a state has beenaccepted for accession, financial aid from the EU, along with thetargets that it sets would be members for economic improvement tend tobring about economic upturn in them. The pre-accession benefits to EUmembership can be as much of an incentive to small states as membershipitself. The Regular report of the European Commission reported in 2002Estonia is a functioning market economy. The continuation of itscurrent reform path should enable Estonia to cope with competitivepressure and market forces within the Union Other economic indicators, helped by prospective entry into theEU were also positive GDP growth of around 6 per cent was underpinnedby strong private consumption growth which reached 9.3 per cent in2002, helped by low interest rates and strong wage and employmentgrowth.. Despite a slump in global investment, within Estoniainvestment grew by 16.2 per cent in 2002, again helped by low interestrates. Labour market conditions improved, with an increase in theemployment rate to 62 per cent and unemployment falling to 91 per centof the labour force by the end of the year. Estonia benefited in the Labour market following input form EUadvisors. Curtailing unemployment had been one of the core objectivesof Estonias pre accession agreement and as such was closely monitoredby the EU. The rate declined significantly from 14.6 per cent in thefirst quarter of 2000 to 10.6 per cent in 2003, although large regionaldisparities continued to exist and the ethnic Russian population wasnoticeably affected. It is also worth noting that the improvement waslargely due to significant decline in the economically activepopulation during the period a decline of almost 2.5 per cent. Severe skill mismatches remained a problem, as did a rise in the numberof long-term unemployed. These are issues that may well be tackled withEU membership of the EUs employment targets is a guaranteed offer ofa job or training for any young person out of work for more than sixmonths or for an adult out of work for more than twelve months (p9Vaughan Whitehead, 2003). Estonia has already undertaken efforts toaddress issues around unemployment it has promoted vocationaltraining and lifelong learning and set up an effective institutionalframework with the aim of supporting job creation. Such was the strength of Estonia economy in the 1990s, relative to itsyears under communism, that in fact it probably need the economicassistance of the EU considerably less than other small states, almostto the extent the EU membership may have had a negative effect on itseconomy. Nevertheless, Estonia had set its sights on EU membership fromthe early 1990s its historical security worries and a certainty thatits future belonged in the west were the driving factors behind itapplication. Estonias accession process was relatively smooth and itwas able to enter the EU in 2004. The early signs are that it economyis remaining stable and that the Estonian people, whilst fiercelyindependent on one level, are comfortable with their statues asEuropeans. Not all small states seek EU membership. Switzerland is quite happywith its own economy and longstanding neutrality to withstand anyovertures from EU members who would be keener to see the prosperousSwiss joining the EU than perhaps they are to see some of the poorersmall states. Iceland is another small nation that has shown a distinctlack of interest quite simply, such is its reliance on its fishingindustries that it does not wish to share them with other Europeanstates. For many small states however, membership of the EU has either been orremains a long-term strategic goal. The EU offers a host of benefits,of which importance varies according to the situation of the particularstate. The economic benefits are of course crucial. Financialassistance prior to accession is a large enough carrot to dangle infront of small sates with under performing economies but the longerterm rewards of the single market and shared currency offer smallstates the possibility of a relatively stable economic future. Securityto some is equally important. The traumatic 20th century histories ofsates such as the Czech Republic and the Baltic states ensure they arekeen to be a part of a collective security force. Some of the fear maybe psychological than based on genuine security threats but nonethelessthe desire for a common security policy, whether within the EU or NATOis very real. Finally, there is a simple sense of wanting to belong to Europe thatfuels a desire to be part of the EU. Agirda Brazausskas spoke to theCouncil of the European Parliament in April 1994 and stated:Lithuaniasmajor gain following the restoration of independence onMarch 11 1990 is the sense and desire of commonality with Europe, adistinct awareness that Lithuania is a European state (Mouritzen,Waever Wiberg, European Integration and National Adaptations,Nova Science Publishers, New York 1996). His words may well have aresonance for the leaders and people of small states across Europe they see themselves as Europe and want to belong to a Union that looksto further the interests of all Europeans. 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